[2024] New 4A0-220 exam dumps Use Updated Nokia Exam
Verified 4A0-220 Dumps Q&As - 4A0-220 Test Engine with Correct Answers
Nokia 4A0-220 exam is a comprehensive and challenging certification that requires in-depth knowledge of optical networking principles and hands-on experience with GMPLS-controlled optical networks. Professionals who pass the exam can expect to have a rewarding career in the field of optical networking with opportunities to work on cutting-edge technology and projects.
One of the primary reasons why taking the Nokia 4A0-220 Certification Exam is important is that it enables you to gain a competitive edge in the field of optical networking, a crucial area of IT infrastructure that supports modern businesses and organizations. By equipping yourself with the right skills and knowledge, you will be better positioned to meet the growing demand for sophisticated and reliable optical networks that can support increasingly complex and bandwidth-intensive applications and services.
NEW QUESTION # 14
A network with ROADM GMPLS nodes and optical transponder connections could have:
- A. L1 restoration capabilities
- B. L0 and LI restoration capabilities
- C. L0 restoration capabilities
- D. No restoration capabilities
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
A network with ROADM GMPLS nodes and optical transponder connections could have both L0 and L1 restoration capabilities. L0 restoration refers to the ability of the network to recover from failures at the optical layer, such as fiber cuts or node failures, by rerouting the affected LSPs to alternative paths at the same layer.
L0 restoration can be achieved by using GMPLS signaling protocols, such as RSVP-TE or CR-LDP, to establish backup LSPs in advance or on demand. L0 restoration can provide fast recovery times and high availability for optical services34. L1 restoration refers to the ability of the network to recover from failures at the sub-wavelength layer, such as transponder failures or wavelength unavailability, by rerouting the affected LSPs to alternative paths at a higher layer. L1 restoration can be achieved by using GMPLS routing protocols, such as OSPF-TE or ISIS-TE, to advertise the sub-wavelength information and availability to other nodes in the network. L1 restoration can provide more flexibility and efficiency for sub-wavelength services56.
References:
* 3: GMPLS - Nokia
* 4: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 5: Sub-Wavelength Switching - Nokia
* 6: Sub-Wavelength Switching in Optical Networks - IEEE Xplore
NEW QUESTION # 15
What is a Label Switched Path (LSP)?
- A. A protocol used by nodes to exchange information about the state of labels
- B. A switched protection path
- C. The path created by MPLS nodes
- D. A High Order Container for client signal
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
A Label Switched Path (LSP) is the path created by MPLS nodes that use labels to forward packets across the network. A label is a short identifier that is attached to each packet and indicates the next hop or destination of the packet. The nodes use a label forwarding table to switch packets based on their labels, without inspecting the packet headers. This can improve the performance, security, and quality of service of the network. An LSP can be established by using GMPLS protocols such as OSPF-TE and RSVP-TE, which exchange information about the network topology, resources, and constraints. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 16
Which of the following statements about the Wait for Server Restoration (WSR) parameter in the MRN is correct?
- A. When WSR is true, the LO channels do not wait for the LI services to restore.
- B. When WSR is false, if the failed optical channel can be restored at LO, the data traffic stays in the tunnel.
- C. When WSR is false, the LI services do not wait for the LO restoration and restore through LI switching.
- D. When WSR is true, the LO optical channel remains in the link until the failure is fixed.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The Wait for Server Restoration (WSR) parameter in the MRN is a boolean parameter that determines whether an LI service should wait for the LO restoration or not in case of a failure.When WSR is false, the LI services do not wait for the LO restoration and restore through LI switching. This means that if an LO optical channel fails, the LI services that use that channel will switch to another available optical channel at LI layer without waiting for the LO layer to restore the failed channel. This option provides faster restoration time for LI services, but may result in suboptimal resource utilization at LO layer. When WSR is true, the LI services wait for the LO restoration and do not switch at LI layer. This means that if an LO optical channel fails, the LI services that use that channel will remain in that channel until the LO layer restores it or until a timeout occurs.
This option provides optimal resource utilization at LO layer, but may result in longer restoration time for LI services. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 3. GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 17
What is the meaning of Generalized in GMPLS?
- A. GMPLS can be used for traffic types other than data packets
- B. Unlike MPLS, GMPLS supports multi-vendor networks
- C. Switching can be based on values other than the label
- D. The label can assume an extended value range, and is not constrained as it is with MPLS
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS stands for Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching, which is a protocol suite that extends MPLS to control different types of switching technologies, such as optical, TDM, and packet switching1. The meaning of Generalized in GMPLS is that it can be used for traffic types other than data packets, such as wavelengths, time slots, or fibers2. GMPLS can also use implicit labels that are derived from the physical properties of the data stream, such as wavelength or timeslot, instead of explicit labels that are carried in the packet header3. This allows GMPLS to support various transport networks and applications, such as optical transport networks (OTN), wavelength switched optical networks (WSON), and automatic switched optical networks (ASON)4. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: What is MPLS and GMPLS? - Metaswitch
* 3: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 4: GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 18
When should two physical connections belong to the same SRG?
- A. When one is the protection of the other
- B. When they share the same risk of failure
- C. When they are fully disjoint respective to the risk of failure
- D. When they are both selected during the setup process
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
A Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) is a set of links sharing a common resource, which affects all links in the set if the common resource fails5. These links share the same risk of failure and are therefore considered to belong to the same SRLG. For example, links sharing a common fiber are said to be in the same SRLG because a fault with the fiber might cause all links in the group to fail. SRLGs are used in MPLS and GMPLS networks to provide traffic engineering and protection/restoration mechanisms. When computing the secondary path for an LSP, it is preferable to find a path such that the secondary and primary paths do not have any links in common in case the SRLGs for the primary and secondary paths are disjoint6. This ensures that a single point of failure on a particular link does not bring down both the primary and secondary paths in the LSP. References:
* 5: Shared risk resource group - Wikipedia
* 6: Shared Risk Link Groups for MPLS | Junos OS | Juniper Networks
NEW QUESTION # 19
What does an SNC state of lower case "n" mean for a resource in NFM-T?
- A. Indicates it's using a link other than the Nominal
- B. Indicates the nominal resource on a TE-link that is not in use
- C. Indicates if s a higher alarm state level
- D. Indicates it's currently using the Nominal resource assigned to it
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The SNC state is a parameter that indicates the status of a resource in a GMPLS network. A resource can be a link, a wavelength, a timeslot, or a fiber. The SNC state can have different values, such as N, n, P, p, R, r, and so on. Each value has a specific meaning and implication for the resource and the LSP that uses it. The SNC state of lower case "n" means that the resource is the nominal resource on a TE-link that is notin use. A nominal resource is the default or preferred resource that is assigned to an LSP when it is created. A TE-link is a logical link that represents a set of resources that share the same attributes and constraints. A TE-link can have multiple resources, such as wavelengths or timeslots, but only one of them can be the nominal resource.
If an LSP is using a resource other than the nominal resource on a TE-link, it means that the LSP has been rerouted or switched due to a failure or a constraint violation. In this case, the SNC state of the nominal resource will be "n", indicating that it is not in use by any LSP12. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 20
Which of the following best describes the Soft Shutting Down state in the NFM-T?
- A. An administrative maintenance state where services stay up but no new traffic can be routed over the TE-link
- B. A transient state where current SNCs are soft-rerouted away from the TE-link
- C. A soft synchronization state where new traffic is not allowed
- D. An automatic shutdown of a TE-link and all of the LSPs in the TE-link
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The Soft Shutting Down state in the NFM-T is an administrative maintenance state where services stay up but no new traffic can be routed over the TE-link. This state is used to prepare a TE-link for maintenance or decommissioning without affecting the existing services. The NFM-T sets the TE-link to Soft Shutting Down state by sending a Notify message with the Administrative State Change flag to the head-end node of the TE-link. The head-end node then stops accepting new LSP requests over the TE-link and sends a PathErr message with the Administrative State Change flag to all the tail-end nodes of the LSPs in the TE-link. The tail-end nodes then stop sending new traffic over the LSPs and send a ResvErr message with the Administrative State Change flag to all the intermediate nodes of the LSPs. The intermediate nodes then update their routing tables and stop forwarding new traffic over the LSPs. The existing traffic, however, continues to flow over the LSPs until they are manually deleted or rerouted by the NFM-T. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 21
How is the GMRE functionality guaranteed in Nokia equipment?
- A. Redundant LAN cables guarantee GMRE functionality
- B. The specific software configuration guarantees GMRE functionality
- C. Controller redundancy guarantees GMRE functionality
- D. Rack redundancy guarantees GMRE functionality in case of a power outage
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The GMRE functionality is guaranteed in Nokia equipment by controller redundancy. The controller is the hardware component that runs the GMPLS software and controls the switching fabric of the node. Each node has two controllers, one active and one standby, that synchronize their states and databases. If the active controller fails, the standby controller takes over and ensures the continuity of the GMRE functionality. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 1830 Photonic Service Switch (PSS) | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 22
Automation is one of the key features of GMPLS. What is its main benefit?
- A. Reducing CAPEX
- B. Reducing OPEX
- C. Providing resilience against multiple failures
- D. Supporting multi-vendor networks
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Automation is one of the key features of GMPLS that allows dynamic provisioning of optical transport connections between IP routers and optical network elements2. Automation reduces the operational time and administrative overhead required to provision new connectivity, which in turn reduces the operational expenditure (OPEX) of the network. Reducing CAPEX, providing resilience against multiple failures, and supporting multi-vendor networks are not direct benefits of automation, but rather possible outcomes of using GMPLS in general. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: GMPLS - Nokia
* 3: Traffic survivability through Protection and Restoration Combined (PRC) - YouTube
* [4]: GMPLS: Architecture and Applications - Google Books
NEW QUESTION # 23
What is the purpose of the Upstream Label Object in RSVP-TE?
- A. It allows for a label to be suggested to provision bidirectional LSPs.
- B. It indicates the LSP flow direction.
- C. It allows a node to restrict the labels that may be used downstream.
- D. It signals resource reservation information to upstream nodes.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The Upstream Label Object in RSVP-TE is an optional object that allows a node to suggest a label to its upstream neighbor for the purpose of provisioning bidirectional LSPs. The upstream label object is carried in the Resv message and contains the label value that the node wants to use for receiving traffic from its upstream neighbor. The upstream neighbor can accept or reject the suggested label based on its local policy and resource availability. The upstream label object simplifies the label allocation process for bidirectional LSPs and avoids the need for additional signaling messages. References : RSVP-TE - Hewlett Packard Enterprise, RSVP - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 24
What is the GMRE node address?
- A. The IP address for communication between NEs
- B. An IP address for CORBA communication with the NMS
- C. The LMP Control Channel ID. This field contains the IPv4 address of the ingress LER as a global unique identifier
- D. The OSPF-TE broadcast IP used to flood the link adjacency information
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The GMRE node address is the IP address for communication between network elements (NEs) in a GMPLS-controlled optical network. The GMRE node address is also known as the GMRE loopback address or the GMPLS node IP. It is used by GMPLS protocols such as LMP and RSVP to identify and communicate with other GMRE nodes. The GMRE node address is configured on each NE and is advertised by OSPF-TE to other nodes in the same area. References : Nokia 1830 PSS-4, PSS-8, PSS-16 and PSS-32 Platforms - NATO, 1830 PSS Identifiers
NEW QUESTION # 25
What is the Link Maintenance window?
- A. A wizard for modifying TE-link attributes
- B. A centralized alarm manager
- C. A centralized view of the TE-link for the operator
- D. A wizard with commands to set links and nodes to maintenance
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The Link Maintenance window is a feature of NFM-T that allows the user to perform maintenance tasks on links and nodes in a GMPLS network. The Link Maintenance window is a wizard that provides commands to set links and nodes to maintenance mode, which prevents them from being used for routing new LSPs or carrying traffic. The user can also use the Link Maintenance window to reroute existing LSPs away from the links and nodes that are in maintenance mode, either manually or automatically. The Link Maintenance window helps the user to perform network maintenance operations without disrupting the service availability or quality12. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 26
How do you configure the Trail template in NFM-T for an Uplink board (such as 2UC400) in an MRN network with LO and LI restoration capabilities?
- A. Uncheck the Logical Link box Set the Port Type to Terminated Check the ASON Routed box Check the ASON Tunnel box
- B. Uncheck the Logical Link box Set the Port Type to Terminated Check the ASON Routed box Uncheck the ASON Tunnel box
- C. Check the Logical Link box
Set the Port Type to Unterminated Check the ASON Routed box Check the ASON Tunnel box - D. Check the Logical Link box
Set the Port Type to Unterminated Check the ASON Routed box Uncheck the ASON Tunnel box
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
To configure the Trail template in NFM-T for an Uplink board (such as 2UC400) in an MRN network with LO and LI restoration capabilities, you need to check the Logical Link box, set the Port Type to Unterminated, check the ASON Routed box, and uncheck the ASON Tunnel box. This configuration allows you to create a logical link between two Uplink boards that can be used for LO or LI restoration. The logical link is not terminated at the Uplink board, but at the OTU board. The ASON Routed option enables the GMPLS control plane for the logical link, while the ASON Tunnel option is not applicable for Uplink boards. References : Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia, Nokia 1830 PSS-4, PSS-8, PSS-16 and PSS-32 Platforms - NATO
NEW QUESTION # 27
What is the purpose of preemption when establishing an LSP?
- A. To pick the next hop during LSP signalling
- B. To assign the correct wavelengths depending on the type of traffic
- C. To tear down an existing LSP in order to accommodate higher priority traffic
- D. To measure the end-to-end latency
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Preemption is a mechanism that allows a higher priority LSP to tear down an existing lower priority LSP in order to obtain the required resources for its establishment. Preemption can occur when there is not enough bandwidth or other resources available on a link or node to accommodate a new LSP request. In this case, the node can select one or more lower priority LSPs that are using the resources and send them a PathErr message with a Preempt error code. This causes the lower priority LSPs to beterminated and release their resources. The node can then allocate the resources to the higher priority LSP and send a Resv message to confirm its reservation34. References:
* 3: RFC 4829: Label Switched Path (LSP) Preemption Policies for MPLS Traffic Engineering4
* 4: MPLS Applications User Guide | Juniper Networks5
NEW QUESTION # 28
What is the definition of Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF)?
- A. It is the SPF algorithm applied to low bandwidth LSPs.
- B. It is the 5FP algorithm applied after pruning links that do not meet the specified constraints.
- C. It is a combination between OSPF-TE and RSVP-TE.
- D. It is the SPF algorithm applied for low latency LSPs.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) is an extension of the shortest path first (SPF) algorithm that is used to find the best path for a Label Switched Path (LSP) in a GMPLS network. CSPF takes into account additional constraints such as bandwidth, latency, priority, or node or link inclusion or exclusion. CSPF works by pruning those links that do not meet the specified constraints and then applying the SPF algorithm to the remaining links. This way, CSPF can find a path that satisfies both the shortest distance and the constraints. References : Constrained Shortest Path First - Wikipedia, Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) - Metaswitch
NEW QUESTION # 29
Which of the following is not a GMPLS protocol?
- A. LMP
- B. RSVP-TE
- C. OSPF-TE
- D. SFD
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
SFD is not a GMPLS protocol, but a term used in optical networks to refer to the Source Frequency Definition, which is a parameter that specifies the frequency of a wavelength channel4. GMPLS protocols are those that enable the control and management of different types of switching technologies, such as packet, wavelength, fiber, and time-slot switching5. Some examples of GMPLS protocols are OSPF-TE, RSVP-TE, and LMP. OSPF-TE is a routing protocol that advertises the topology and the link attributes of the network6.
RSVP-TE is a signaling protocol that establishes, modifies, and releases LSPs. LMP is a link management protocol that verifies the connectivity and monitors the status of the links. References:
* 4: Source Frequency Definition (SFD) - ITU
* 5: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 6: OSPF Extensions in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) - RFC 4203
* [7]: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions - RFC 3473
* [8]: Link Management Protocol (LMP) - RFC 4204
NEW QUESTION # 30
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